2026 Nigeria
The Tapestry of Nigeria
Threads of Geography: Land, Climate, and Natural Resources Nigeria is located on the western coast of Africa, boasting a diverse geography that spans 910,770 km² of land and 853 km of coastline. The climate ranges from equatorial in the south to arid in the north. Nigeria experiences two major seasons: dry and rainy (wet). The landscape is abundant, offering space for agricultural, industrial, and commercial activities. The natural resources are vast and varied. These resources have played a significant role in shaping the country's economy and development trajectory.
Patterns of People: Diversity, Ethnic Groups, Staple Foods and Occupations Nigeria's population of over 211 million makes it the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous in the world, with over 250 ethnic groups. The three largest groups are Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo. There are over 500 indigenous languages. English serves as the official language, bridging communication across this multifaceted nation. Nigeria's diverse geography and regional variations have influenced the cultivation and consumption of different staple foods across the country. Traditionally, Nigerians have been known as skilled agriculturists and traders, with these occupations forming the backbone of many communities.
Weaving History: Ancient Roots and Colonial Threads Nigeria's history is a rich tapestry woven from ancient civilizations, diverse migrations, and colonial influences. The region was home to sophisticated societies that left indelible marks on its cultural landscape. One of the earliest known civilizations in the area was the Nok culture, which flourished between 1000 BC and 500 AD. The Ife civilization emerged around the 11th century and became a major center of politics, spirituality, and artistry. The Yoruba people, descendants of Ife, established several city-states, the most prominent being the Oyo Empire, which at its peak controlled a vast territory. The Kanem-Bornu Empire, dating back to the 9th century, became a center of Islamic learning and commerce. The Hausa city-states and later, the Sokoto Caliphate, further shaped the region's political and cultural landscape. The Igbo people developed a unique, decentralised system of governance. Their society, characterised by village democracies, stood in contrast to the more hierarchical structures of their neighbours. European colonisation further influenced the settlement patterns in Nigeria, as colonial powers established their presence and administered different regions. The transatlantic slave trade significantly impacted Nigeria's population composition. Millions of individuals from various ethnic groups were forcibly taken and the return of some descendants of these slaves, commonly known as Afro-Brazilians, Afro-Cubans, and Afro-Trinidadians, among others, has contributed to the cultural diversity in Nigeria. The pivotal year of 1914 saw the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates by British colonial administrator Lord Frederick Lugard, creating the entity known as Nigeria. This artificial creation brought together diverse peoples with distinct histories, cultures, and political systems under a single administration, setting the stage for the complex dynamics of modern Nigeria.
Spiritual Landscape: The Religious Mosaic of Nigeria Religion plays a significant role in shaping the cultural and social fabric of Nigeria. The country is known for its religious diversity, with various religions coexisting and influencing the lives of its people. The major religions in Nigeria include Christianity, Islam, traditional African religions, and a small percentage of adherents to other faiths. Christian denominations, including Roman Catholic, Anglican, Methodist, Pentecostal, and various independent churches, have established a significant presence. The impact of Christianity extends beyond spiritual practices, playing a vital role in the development of education and healthcare infrastructure through missionary schools and hospitals. The Christian community in Nigeria has a diverse range of practices and expressions, incorporating elements of indigenous culture and traditions. For example, in some regions, syncretic forms of Christianity have emerged, blending Christian beliefs with traditional African religious practices. Traditional African religions, predating both Islam and Christianity, encompass a wide range of indigenous beliefs and practices that vary among different ethnic groups. These religions involve the worship of ancestral spirits, nature deities, and the practice of traditional rituals and ceremonies. Despite the influence of Christianity and Islam, traditional African religions continue to persist in many communities. Religious coexistence and tolerance are essential aspects of Nigerian society, as the country strives to maintain peace and harmony among its diverse population. Interfaith dialogue, religious organisations, and government initiatives have been instrumental in fostering understanding, promoting religious tolerance, and mitigating religious conflicts.
The Heartbeat of the Nation
Economic Rhythms: Industries, Challenges, and Opportunities Nigeria stands as the largest economy in Africa, with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of $448 billion. The nation's economic pulse is driven by a diverse range of sectors, with oil and gas playing a significant role, accounting for about 10% of its GDP. However, Nigeria's economy is not solely reliant on oil; the agricultural sector is a major source of employment, contributing about 20% to the GDP. Nigeria's economy is characterised by both opportunities and challenges. While the country possesses significant natural resources and a large, growing population, it also grapples with macroeconomic and microeconomic issues that need addressing to achieve sustained and inclusive growth.
Political Pulse: Independence, Governance and Civic Participation Nigeria's political landscape has evolved significantly since gaining its independence from British colonial rule on 1 October 1960. Prior to independence, Nigeria experienced a complex history of regionalism, colonial administration, and ethnic tensions. The country was divided into three major regions (Northern, Western, and Eastern), each with its own distinctive political, economic, and cultural characteristics. The political landscape in Nigeria has been marked by a multi-party system. Since 1999, Nigeria has maintained democratic rule, albeit with challenges including corruption, economic inequality, and security issues. Women's participation in politics has gradually increased over the years, although significant gaps persist. Efforts have been made to address gender imbalance in Nigerian politics, including the implementation of the National Gender Policy of 2006. Additionally, the introduction of affirmative action measures, such as the Gender and Equal Opportunities Bill, aims to increase women's representation in political offices. However, challenges remain in ensuring transparent governance, equitable representation, and effective policy implementation.
Foundations of Society: Education and Healthcare Education plays a vital role in shaping Nigeria's social landscape. Nigeria has made progress in increasing access to education, with efforts focused on achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of providing inclusive and equitable education for all. However, challenges remain, particularly in remote and marginalised areas. The Nigerian government has made efforts to improve healthcare infrastructure, expand access to healthcare services, and address health challenges facing the population. Several health issues require political attention and action. One of the primary concerns is the high burden of communicable diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Another area of concern is non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Maternal and child health is another significant area where political commitment is crucial. Nigeria has one of the highest maternal and child mortality rates globally.
Cultural Expressions: The Kaleidoscope of Nigerian Creativity Nigeria's rich cultural tapestry is woven from the traditions of over 250 ethnic groups, each contributing unique elements to the nation's vibrant arts scene. This diversity is reflected in Nigeria's music, dance, visual arts, and theatre, which have evolved over centuries and continue to influence global culture today. Nigerian music reflects the country's ethnic diversity, with each group contributing unique styles and instruments. Contemporary Nigerian music evolved from 1920s palm-wine music and highlife, blending traditional and Western influences. Dance in Nigeria is closely tied to music and often serves ritualistic or ceremonial purposes. Each ethnic group has its own traditional dances, and often tell stories, celebrate harvests, or mark important life events. Visual arts have a long and rich history - and is renowned for its bronze and terracotta sculptures, vibrant textile traditions, and elaborately decorated calabashes. Theatre and storytelling have always been integral to Nigerian culture. In the mid-20th century, playwrights like Wole Soyinka (who later won the Nobel Prize in Literature) and Ola Rotimi developed a distinctly Nigerian theatrical tradition that often addressed social and political issues. The film industry, popularly known as Nollywood, has become the second largest in the world in terms of annual film productions. Nigerian literature, from the works of Chinua Achebe to contemporary authors like Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, has significantly impacted world literature.
Women: The Backbone of Nigeria
World Day of Prayer: A Testament to Women's Unity The World Day of Prayer (WDP) movement in Nigeria stands as a powerful testament to the unity and strength of Nigerian women. Introduced in 1961, the movement has grown to encompass women from various Christian denominations across the country, fostering ecumenical cooperation and spiritual solidarity. Since its inception, WDP has provided a platform for addressing social, political, religious, and economic issues affecting families and communities. The World Day of Prayer movement was introduced by Lady Eudora Olayinka Akanu-Ibiam of the Presbyterian Church. It was initially embraced by member churches of the Christian Council of Nigeria. In 1962, the Interdenominational Christian Women (ICW) organisation was formed in Lagos, which later became known as the Interdenominational Christian Women Association (ICWA). This organisation played a crucial role in the early development of the WDP movement and spread gradually across Nigeria, reaching different states and regions throughout the decades that followed. In August 2017, at the WDPIC International Meeting in Brazil, WDP Nigeria was selected to be the Writer Committee for 2026 with the theme "I Will Give You Rest: Come" (Matthew 11:28). Truly, grace found us in 2017, as WDP Nigeria was still in its early stages of national organisation. Despite our fledgling status and organisational challenges, we were honored with the invitation to become a Writer Committee. The inauguration of the elected pioneer national officers took place on 6 March 2020 at the Christian Ecumenical Center in Abuja, just as the COVID-19 pandemic was beginning to impact Nigeria. The ceremony was conducted by His Eminence Dr. Samuel C. K. Uche, then Prelate of the Methodist Church Nigeria, assisted by other prominent religious leaders from various denominations. As the time came to start the writing process, WDPIC provided crucial support through the Executive Director, Ms. Katie Reimer, who we affectionately refer to as our "angel". From 28 April to 5 May 5 2022, Ms. Reimer and Mrs. Queen Chisha (the WDP African Regional Representative) visited Lagos to conduct a workshop on writing materials for the 2026 observance. This seminar, provided free of charge, was instrumental in guiding our writing process and covering expenses for participants to join from across Nigeria. The visit was marked by warm hospitality, and a highlight was the Thanksgiving service held on 30 April 2022 at the Methodist Church of the Trinity in Lagos, presided over by His Eminence Dr. Samuel Chukwuemeka Uche and other prominent church leaders. This visit not only equipped us for our role as a Writer Country but also strengthened our connections with the international WDP community. Since then, WDP Nigeria has continued to grow as an organisation by establishing zonal structures across the country.
Pillars of Strength: Prominent Nigerian Women Recognising the achievements of prominent Nigerian women acknowledges their invaluable contributions to society, both within Nigeria and globally. Their successes serve as powerful testimonies to women's potential, breaking down stereotypes and challenging traditional gender roles. By highlighting these accomplishments, we provide role models for younger generations and promote gender equality across all sectors. There are lists of inspiring women under the following headings in the downloadable document. - Torchbearers in Politics and Governance - Trailblazers in Business and Entrepreneurship - Luminaries in Literature and Arts - Visionaries in Science and Technology - Champions in Sports - Voices of Change in Social Activism and Philanthropy - Women of Faith
Challenges and Triumphs: The Journey of Nigerian Women Women and girls in Nigeria face numerous challenges that stem from deeply rooted gender discrimination and inequality. Despite progress in some areas, cultural norms, traditional practices and societal expectations continue to hinder the full realisation of their rights and potential with discrimination in education and employment, and political representation. Early marriage, particularly in rural and northern areas, forces girls as young as 12 or 13 into marriages that cut short their education and expose them to health risks. Marital violence and rape often go unreported due to cultural stigma and inadequate legal protections, while the absence of comprehensive domestic violence legislation in some states compounds these issues. Widows in Nigeria face particularly challenging circumstances. Many are subjected to cruel and degrading traditional practices upon their husbands’ deaths. Property rights are frequently violated, and some widows are even "inherited" by their late husband’s male relatives. Addressing these interconnected challenges requires progress dependent on both government action and grassroots initiatives, with men serving as active allies in the fight for gender equality. Only through comprehensive, sustained effort can Nigeria create a more equitable society for all its citizens.
Nigeria Through the Seasons
Spring of Independence: Birth of a Nation Nigeria's spring of independence dawned on 1 October 1960, as the country emerged from British colonial rule. One of the key figures was Nnamdi Azikiwe who became the first President in 1963.
Summer of Growth: Economic and Cultural Flourishing The 1970s brought a summer of economic boom, primarily driven by the oil, with rapid development in infrastructure and a burgeoning middle class. Culturally, Nigeria experienced a renaissance and the emergence of globally recognised literature.
Autumn of Challenges: Confronting National Issues The following decades brought an autumn of challenges. Nigeria grappled with political instability, including periods of military rule. The Biafran War (1967-1970) left deep scars on the national psyche. Economic challenges emerged with fluctuating oil prices and the need for diversification. Social issues like ethnic tensions, corruption, and inequality came to the forefront. However, this period also saw the rise of civil society movements and a growing call for democratic governance.
Winter of Resilience: Overcoming Adversity The late 20th and early 21st centuries represented a winter of resilience for Nigeria. The country returned to democratic rule in 1999, facing the challenge of rebuilding institutions and fostering national unity.
The Eternal Cycle: Continuous Renewal and Hope Today, Nigeria stands in a cycle of continuous renewal and hope. The country faces ongoing challenges such as climate change, economic diversification, and social inequality. However, it also boasts a young, dynamic population driving innovation in technology, arts, and business.
The Nigerian Spirit: Echoes of Identity in Anthem and Pledge
National Anthems: Evolving Voices of a Nation Since independence, the nation has had two anthems, each reflecting the spirit of its time and the country's changing self perception. The first National Anthem (1960-1978, reinstated in 2024). This anthem, used from 1960 to 1978, emphasises unity in diversity, pride in the nation, and a prayer for a just and peaceful Nigeria. Its lyrics highlight the country's commitment to brotherhood despite differences in "tribe and tongue". The second anthem, used from 1978 to 2023, calls Nigerians to service, patriotism, and nation-building, highlighting the sacrifices of past heroes and the aspiration for a country guided by truth and justice. In 2024, under the leadership of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, Nigeria made the decision to revert to the first anthem.
The National Pledge: A Commitment to Unity and Service Composed in 1976 by Professor Felicia Adebola Adedoyin, a respected Nigerian academic and linguist, the National Pledge reflects Nigeria’s post-civil war aspirations for unity and patriotism. The pledge reads: I pledge to Nigeria my country, To be faithful, loyal and honest, To serve Nigeria with all my strength, To defend her unity, And uphold her honour and glory, So help me God. Recited daily in schools and at national ceremonies, this pledge serves as a unifying force, providing common values that transcend ethnic, religious, and regional differences.
Facing Tomorrow: Nigeria's Challenges and Hopes
Climate Change: Adapting to a Changing World Nigeria faces significant environmental challenges due to climate change. Rising temperatures and erratic rainfall patterns affect agriculture and water resources, while sea level rise threatens coastal communities. In the north, advancing desertification leads to loss of arable land and increased competition for resources.
Economic Tides: Navigating Global Markets Nigeria faces complex economic challenges. Though oil exports have traditionally driven growth, dependence has created vulnerability to global price fluctuations. The nation actively works to diversify its economy through agriculture, services, and manufacturing, while addressing significant infrastructure deficits in transportation and power supply. Widespread poverty and youth unemployment remain pressing concerns. These challenges call for continued focus on sustainable development and job creation to ensure Nigeria's economic growth benefits all its citizens.
Social Evolution: Bridging Divides and Fostering Unity Nigeria's diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural landscape creates both challenges and opportunities for social cohesion. The nation continues to work towards fostering unity among its diverse population while addressing critical needs in education, healthcare, and infrastructure. Efforts to promote gender equality and increase women's participation across all sectors of society remain crucial to this evolution. The rapid growth of urban areas strains existing resources, while security concerns, particularly in the northeast, impact social stability and development. Yet Nigeria demonstrates remarkable resilience. With Africa's largest youth population, abundant natural resources, and vibrant growth in technology and entertainment sectors, the country shows great promise. Through continued focus on good governance, economic diversification, and social inclusion - including women's empowerment - Nigeria moves steadily toward realising its potential as a more prosperous and unified nation.